Obesity related risk for chronic kidney disease progression and cardiovascular disease after propensity score matching / Riesgo relacionado con la obesidad para la progresión de insuficiencia renal crónica y enfermedad cardiovascular tras emparejamiento por puntaje de propensión

Introduction: Obesity is a major health problem worldwide. It carries a markedly increased risk for multiple diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). To complicate an already difficult topic a new subtype of obesity has been defined lately, the metabolically healthy obese. Our study aimed to clarify the association between obesity, metabolic syndrome and kidney disease progression. Methods: Observational retrospective single centre study including 212 patients with stage 3–4 CKD with no previous history of rapid kidney disease progression. Patients were divided according to BMI status and presence of metabolic syndrome. Anthropometric, clinical and laboratory data were collected to follow-up. Propensity score matching was performed for age, albuminuria and baseline renal function. During follow-up renal and cardiovascular events were recorded. Results: After a mean follow-up of 88.44±36.07 months a total of 18 patients reached the renal outcome in the non-obese group and 21 in the obese group. Differences were not statistically significant (log rank=0.21: p=0.64). Multiple Cox regression analysis showed that obesity was not predictor for worse renal outcomes [HR 1.01, 95% CI 0.45–2.24; p=0.97]. When stratifying the sample according to baseline metabolic syndrome and obesity presence there was no difference in renal survival (log rank=0.852; p=0.35) (AU)

Introducción: La obesidad es un problema mayor de salud a nivel mundial. Comporta un considerable incremento del riesgo de múltiples enfermedades tales como diabetes mellitus tipo 2, hipertensión, enfermedad cardiovascular (ECV) e insuficiencia renal crónica (IRC). Para complicar un tema ya difícil, se ha definido recientemente un nuevo subtipo de obesidad: el obeso metabólicamente sano. El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue aclarar la asociación entre obesidad, síndrome metabólico y progresión de la enfermedad renal. Métodos: Estudio observacional retrospectivo unicéntrico que incluyó a 212 pacientes con IRC estadio 3 a 4, sin antecedentes de progresión rápida de la enfermedad renal. Se dividió a los pacientes conforme a su situación de índice de masa corporal (IMC) y presencia de síndrome metabólico (SM). Durante el seguimiento se recopilaron los datos antropométricos, clínicos y de laboratorio. Se realizó el emparejamiento por puntaje de propensión (Propensity score matching) para edad, albuminuria y función renal nasal. Durante el seguimiento se registraron los episodios renales y cardiovasculares. Resultados: Tras un seguimiento medio de 88,44 ± 36,07 meses, un total de 18 pacientes logró el resultado renal en el grupo de no obesos, y 21 en el grupo de obesos. Las diferencias no fueron estadísticamente significativas (log rank=0,21: p = 0,64). El análisis de regresión múltiple de Cox mostró que la obesidad no era un factor predictivo para peores resultados renales [HR 1,01, IC95% 0,45–2,24; p 0,97]. Al estratificar la muestra con arreglo a síndrome metabólico basal y presencia de obesidad no existió diferencia en cuanto a la supervivencia renal (log rank = 0,852; p = 0,35). (AU)

Obesity related risk for chronic kidney disease progression and cardiovascular disease after propensity score matching.

INTRODUCTION: Obesity is a major health problem worldwide. It carries a markedly increased risk for multiple diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). To complicate an already difficult topic a new subtype of obesity has been defined lately, the metabolically healthy obese. Our study aimed to clarify the association between obesity, metabolic syndrome and kidney disease progression. METHODS: Observational retrospective single centre study including 212 patients with stage 3-4 CKD with no previous history of rapid kidney disease progression. Patients were divided according to BMI status and presence of metabolic syndrome. Anthropometric, clinical and laboratory data were collected to follow-up. Propensity score matching was performed for age, albuminuria and baseline renal function. During follow-up renal and cardiovascular events were recorded. RESULTS: After a mean follow-up of 88.44±36.07 months a total of 18 patients reached the renal outcome in the non-obese group and 21 in the obese group. Differences were not statistically significant (log rank=0.21: p=0.64). Multiple Cox regression analysis showed that obesity was not predictor for worse renal outcomes [HR 1.01, 95% CI 0.45-2.24; p=0.97]. When stratifying the sample according to baseline metabolic syndrome and obesity presence there was no difference in renal survival (log rank=0.852; p=0.35) A total of 48 cardiovascular events were registered: seventeen in the non-obese group and thirty-one in the obese group. Differences in event-free time between both groups were statistically significant (log rank=4.44;p=0.035), especially after four years of follow-up. After stratifying for MS and obesity presence at baseline the event-free time differences where again statistically significant (log rank=16.86;p=0.001), specially for the obese patients with metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: Obesity has little impact on chronic kidney disease progression despite the presence or absence of metabolic syndrome in a cohort matched for age, baseline renal function and albuminuria. Obesity conferred greater cardiovascular risk when combined with metabolic syndrome.

Progresión de la enfermedad renal crónica en pacientes con hipertensión resistente sometidos a 2 estrategias terapéuticas: intensificación con diuréticos de asa vs. antagonistas de la aldosterona / Chronic kidney disease progression in patients with resistant hypertension subject to 2 therapeutic strategies: Intensification with loop diuretics vs aldosterone antagonists

INTRODUCCIÓN: En la actualidad, existen pocos datos sobre la evolución de la función renal en pacientes con hipertensión arterial (HTA) resistente y enfermedad renal crónica (ERC), así como de la influencia de diferentes tipos de tratamiento en dicha progresión. OBJETIVO: Evaluar la progresión de la ERC en pacientes con ERC e HTA resistente tratados mediante 2 estrategias terapéuticas diferentes: tratamiento con espironolactona vs. furosemida. MÉTODOS: Incluimos a 30 pacientes (21 H, 9M) con una edad media de 66,3 ± 9,1 años, FGe 55,8 ± 16,5 ml/min/1,73 m2, PAS 162,8 ± 8,2 y PAD 90,2 ± 6,2 mmHg: 15 tratados con espironolactona y 15 con furosemida, seguidos durante un tiempo medio de 32 meses (28-41). RESULTADOS: El descenso medio anual del FGe fue de -2,8 ± 5,4 ml/min/1,73 m2. En el grupo de espironolactona fue de -2,1 ± 4,8ml/min/1,73 m2 y en el de furosemida -3,2 ± 5,6 ml/min/1,73 m2, p < 0,01. En los pacientes con espironolactona la PAS disminuyó 23 ± 9 mmHg vs. 16 ± 3mmHg en el grupo de furosemida (p < 0,01). La PAD se redujo 10 ± 8 mmHg y 6 ± 2 mmHg, respectivamente (p < 0,01). El tratamiento con espironolactona redujo la albuminuria de una mediana de 210 (121-385) mg/g a 65 (45-120) mg/g al final del seguimiento, p < 0,01. En el grupo de furosemida la albuminuria no descendió. La progresión más lenta en la enfermedad renal se asoció con una menor PAS (p = 0,04), mayor FGe basal (p = 0,01), menor albuminuria (p = 0,01), no tener diabetes mellitus (p = 0,01) y recibir tratamiento con espironolactona (p = 0,02). El tratamiento con espironolactona (OR 2,13; IC 1,89-2,29) y la menor albuminuria (OR 0,98; IC 0,97-0,99) mantienen su poder predictivo independiente en un modelo multivariante. CONCLUSIONES: El tratamiento con espironolactona reduce más la presión arterial y la albuminuria en pacientes con HTA resistente comparado con la furosemida y esto se asocia con una progresión más lenta de la ERC a largo plazo

INTRODUCTION: Actualy, there are few data about glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) drop in patients with resistant hypertension and how diferent therapies can modify chronic kidney disease progression (CKD). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate CKD progression in patients with resistant hypertension undergoing 2 diferent therapies: treatment with spironolactone or furosemide. METHODS: We included 30 patients (21 M, 9 W) with a mean age of 66.3 ± 9.1 years, eGFR 55.8 ± 16.5 ml/min/1.73 m2, SBP 162.8 ± 8.2 and DBP 90.2 ± 6.2 mmHg: 15 patients received spironolactone and 15 furosemide and we followed up them a median of 32 months (28-41). RESULTS: The mean annual eGFR decrease was -2.8 ± 5.4 ml/min/1.73 m2. In spironolactone group was -2.1 ± 4.8 ml/min/1.73 m2 and in furosemide group was -3.2 ± 5.6 ml/min/1.73 m2, P < 0.01. In patients received spironolactone, SBP decreased 23 ± 9 mmHg and in furosemide group decreased 16 ± 3 mmHg, P<.01. DBP decreased 10 ± 8 mmHg and 6 ± 2mmHg, respectively (P<.01). Treatment with spironolactone reduced albuminuria from a serum albumin/creatine ratio of 210 (121-385) mg/g to 65 (45-120) mg/g at the end of follow-up, P<.01. There were no significant changes in the albumin/creatinine ratio in the furosemide group. The slower drop in kidney function was associated with lower SBP (P=.04), higher GFR (P=.01), lower albuminuria (P=.01), not diabetes mellitus (P=.01) and treatment with spironolactone (P=.02). Treatment with spironolactone (OR 2.13, IC 1.89-2.29) and lower albuminuria (OR 0.98, CI 0.97-0.99) maintain their independent predictive power in a multivariate model. CONCLUSION: Treatment with spironolactone is more effective reducing BP and albuminuria in patients with resistant hypertension compared with furosemide and it is associated with a slower progression of CKD in the long term follow up

Chronic kidney disease progression in patients with resistant hypertension subject to 2 therapeutic strategies: Intensification with loop diuretics vs aldosterone antagonists. / Progresión de la enfermedad renal crónica en pacientes con hipertensión resistente sometidos a 2 estrategias terapéuticas: intensificación con diuréticos de asa vs. antagonistas de la aldosterona.

INTRODUCTION: Actualy, there are few data about glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) drop in patients with resistant hypertension and how diferent therapies can modify chronic kidney disease progression (CKD). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate CKD progression in patients with resistant hypertension undergoing 2diferent therapies: treatment with spironolactone or furosemide. METHODS: We included 30 patients (21M, 9W) with a mean age of 66.3±9.1 years, eGFR 55.8±16.5ml/min/1.73 m2, SBP 162.8±8.2 and DBP 90.2±6.2mmHg: 15 patients received spironolactone and 15 furosemide and we followed up them a median of 32 months (28-41). RESULTS: The mean annual eGFR decrease was -2.8±5.4ml/min/1.73 m2. In spironolactone group was -2.1±4.8ml/min/1.73 m2 and in furosemide group was -3.2±5.6ml/min/1.73 m2, P<0.01. In patients received spironolactone, SBP decreased 23±9mmHg and in furosemide group decreased 16±3mmHg, P<.01. DBP decreased 10±8mmHg and 6±2mmHg, respectively (P<.01). Treatment with spironolactone reduced albuminuria from a serum albumin/creatine ratio of 210 (121-385) mg/g to 65 (45-120) mg/g at the end of follow-up, P<.01. There were no significant changes in the albumin/creatinine ratio in the furosemide group. The slower drop in kidney function was associated with lower SBP (P=.04), higher GFR (P=.01), lower albuminuria (P=.01), not diabetes mellitus (P=.01) and treatment with spironolactone (P=.02). Treatment with spironolactone (OR 2.13, IC 1.89-2.29) and lower albuminuria (OR 0.98, CI 0.97-0.99) maintain their independent predictive power in a multivariate model. CONCLUSION: Treatment with spironolactone is more effective reducing BP and albuminuria in patients with resistant hypertension compared with furosemide and it is associated with a slower progression of CKD in the long term follow up.

Compliance with mineral metabolism targets in haemodialysis patients: moving backwards?

BACKGROUND: To standardize therapy and improve the clinical outcome for chronic haemodialysis (HD) patients, guidelines have been developed for mineral metabolism management. We evaluated compliance with different mineral metabolism guidelines. METHODS: 2,951 chronic HD patients from 61 dialysis centres in Spain were studied. Mineral metabolism management data from a 1-year period were analysed according to KDOQI, KDIGO, and Spanish guidelines. RESULTS: Only 1% (KDOQI), 6% (KDIGO) and 11% (Spanish guidelines) of patients continuously achieved total calcium (Ca), phosphate (P) and parathyroid hormone (PTH) target-range values during the year with higher percentages if we considered the 1-year average. The yearly Ca, P and iPTH average accomplished Spanish guidelines with different percentage among centres: CA 62-100%, P 59-91%, PTH 61-89%, and 28-77% considering all three targets together. The KDIGO guidelines recommend similar percentages except for P (33-77%). No differences were found related to eKt/V, online haemodiafiltration/HD, weight, body mass index, or dialysis vintage. They were only related to age, blood flow, effective treatment time, and dialysate calcium but without relevant clinical differences. Patients outside the target ranges generated significantly higher treatment costs. CONCLUSIONS: Compliance with mineral metabolism targets in HD patients was poor and showed a wide variation between treatment centres.

High-sensitivity troponin T levels in kidney transplant recipients.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is still the leading cause of death among kidney transplant recipients. Validated biomarkers are important to identify patients at high risk for cardiovascular events and mortality. Cardiac troponins are one of the best available prognostic markers in this clinical situation, especially in chronic kidney disease and kidney transplant (KT) patients. The recently appeared high-sensitivity immunoassay to measure troponin T (hsTnT) has not yet been widely studied in the transplant population. We designed a cross-sectional study to evaluate hsTnT levels among 177 stable, asymptomatic patients, including 44.1% (78) males of overall mean age of 56.14 ± 14.25 years. Mean glomerular filtration rate estimated with the MDRD-4 (eGFR MDRD) formula was 48.93 ± 26.46 mL/min/1.73 m(2). Median hsTnT was 11 (interquartile range = 11-26) ng/L. Patients were classified according to their hsTnT levels: normal, below 14 ng/L (57.6%, n = 102 patients), and those with basally elevated levels. Upon univariate analysis, a significant association was found between higher hsTnT levels and several variables, including clinical features, such as age, sex or prior CVD; renal function indicators: creatinine, eGFR MDRD, and proteinuria; nutritional and inflammation markers: albumin, ferritin, and C-reactive protein; and several cardiac enzymes: creatine kinase myocardial band (CKMB), B-type natriuretic peptide, and its N-terminal fragment. A logistic regression model adjusted for age, sex, and variables significantly associated with higher hsTnT levels, showed that male gender, age, CKMB, and lower glomerular filtration rate to show independent relation to basally elevated levels of hsTnT among asymptomatic kidney transplant recipients.

The non-casual relation between eosinophilia and thrombotic microangiopathy.

There are only a few cases in the literature that describes the association between hypereosinophilic syndromes and thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA). Here we present the case of a man who suddenly developed a TMA in the context of eosinophilic pneumonia, who recovered successfully with six sessions of plasmapheresis and corticoids. Although the Pathophysiology is unknown, we hypothesize about the prothrombotic effects of the eosinophils. Also we describe a literature review.

Fracaso renal agudo en el contexto de un síndrome de Takotsubo / Acute kidney failure in the context of a Tako-Tsubo syndrome

No disponible

[Calciphylaxis: fatal complication of cardiometabolic syndrome in patients with end stage kidney disease]. / Calcifilaxis: complicación grave del síndrome cardio-metabólico en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica terminal (ERCT).

UNLABELLED: Calciphylaxis characterized by schemic skin ulceration due to subcutaneous small arterioles calcification, is a rare disease but usually fatal. Disorders of calcium metabolism and vascular calcifications are common in dialysis patients but calciphylaxis prevalence is low in patients with end stage renal disease. So we proposed other emergent factors implicated in calciphylaxis development. METHODS: We studied retrospective 8 patients who developed calciphylaxis in our service from january 2001 to december 2006. RESULTS: All patients were female with mean age at diagnosis 68.5+/-6.7 years. All patients were receiving hemodialysis therapy and 6 patients had been receiving hemodialysis less than four months. Six patients had diabetes mellitus type II and all patients were obese (BMI >25 kg/m2). All patients had metabolic syndrome (APTIII) with bad control hypertension and 6 (75%) were receiving anticoagulation therapy with warfarin. Patients didn t have severe alterations of calcium metabolism, all had product calcium-phosphorus <55. All patients developed low blood pressure at the beginning of dialysis treatment (98.3+/-22.7/60+/-18,29 mmHg). 7 patients present proximal lesions in fatty regions like abdomen and thighs. Histopathologic examination reveals calcium deposits in arteriole-sized and small vessels with vascular thrombosis. Prognosis was poor, seven patients died secondary to a sepsis originated in infected cutaneous ulcers. CONCLUSIONS: calciphylaxis is a disease with poor prognosis and high mortality, without specific treatment actually. Female gender, obesity associated with diabetes mellitus and cardiometabolic syndrome, anticoagulant therapy with warfarin and low blood pressure associated with hemodialysis therapy, are risk factors to develop calciphylaxis, in absence of severe disorders of calcium metabolism. In these patients is important to avoid hypotension episodes during dialysis, dialysis hypotension appears to be an important risk factor who promotes ischemia of subcutaneous adipose tissue.

Calcifilaxis: complicación grave del síndrome cardio-metabólico en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica terminal (ERCT) / Calciphylaxis: fatal complication of cardio-metabolic syndrome in patients with end stage kidney disease

La calcifilaxis, caracterizada por la ulceración isquémica de la piel secundaria a la calcificación de las pequeñas arteriolas subcutáneas, es una enfermedad poco frecuente pero con mal pronóstico. Los pacientes con ERCT tienen un riesgo alto de calcificaciones patológicas debido a las alteraciones del metabolismo calcio-fósforo, pero solo un pequeño número desarrollan esta enfermedad. Por ello es lógico pensar que hay otros factores que condicionan el desarrollo de la calcifilaxis. Métodos: Con el fin de identificar estos posibles factores implicados en su génesis, hemos analizado de forma retrospectiva las características de los 8 pacientes con ERCT que presentaron calcifilaxis en nuestro hospital entre de enero 2001 a diciembre 2006. Resultados: Los 8 pacientes eran mujeres con edad media de 68,5 ± 6,7 años. Todas presentaban ERCT en hemodiálisis periódica (HD) y en 6 casos la cacifilaxis apareció en los primeros 4 meses del inicio del tratamiento con HD. Seis de las pacientes eran diabéticas tipo 2 y todas eran obesas (IMC > 25 kg/m2), 3 con obesidad grado 4 o mórbida. Todas cumplían criterios de síndrome metabólico (APT III), habían sido hipertensas mal controladas y en un 75% de los casos recibían tratamiento con anticoagulantes cumarínicos por distintas causas. No presentaban alteraciones severas del metabolismo calcio-fósforo: todas tenían un producto CaxP < 55. En todos los casos se controló estrictamente la Presión arterial (PA) con el tratamiento con HD manteniendo cifras medias de PA de 98,3 ± 22,7/60 ± 18,29 mmHg en el momento de la aparición de los síntomas. La mayoría de las pacientes (7/8), presentaron las lesiones a nivel proximal en las zonas con mayor depósito graso como muslos y abdomen. El estudio histológico de las lesiones en todos los casos demostró calcificación de pequeñas arteriolas subcutáneas asociada a paniculitis y trombosis de pequeños vasos. La evolución clínica fue mala ya que siete de las ocho pacientes murieron como consecuencia de una sepsis de origen cutáneo. La exéresis quirúrgica de los nódulos no modificó la mala evolución. En conclusión: La paniculitis calcificante en pacientes con ERCT es una enfermedad rara pero de mal pronóstico y elevada mortalidad. El sexo mujer, la obesidad asociada a Diabetes y Síndrome metabólico, el tratamiento anticoagulante y el excesivo control de la presión arterial al inicio del tratamiento con HD pueden favorecer su aparición incluso en ausencia de alteraciones relevantes del metabolismo Ca-P-PTH. Debido a la epidemia actual de DM, obesidad y síndrome metabólico es de esperar que el número de pacientes con estas características que desarrollen ERCT y calcifilaxis vaya en aumento (AU)

Calciphylaxis characterized by schemic skin ulceration due to subcutaneous small arterioles calcification, is a rare disease but usually fatal. Disorders of calcium metabolism and vascular calcifications are common in dialysis patients but calciphylaxis prevalence is low in patients with end stage renal disease. So we proposed other emergent factors implicated in calciphylaxis development. Methods: We studied retrospective 8 patients who developed calciphylaxis in our service from january 2001 to december 2006. Results: All patients were female with mean age at diagnosis 68.5 ± 6.7 years. All patients were receiving hemodialysis therapy and 6 patients had been receiving hemodialysis less than four months. Six patients had diabetes mellitus type II and all patients were obese (BMI > 25 kg/m2). All patients had metabolic syndrome (APTIII) with bad control hypertension and 6 (75%) were receiving anticoagulation therapy with warfarin. Patients didn´t have severe alterations of calcium metabolism, all had product calcium-phosphorus < 55. All patients developed low blood pressure at the beginning of dialysis treatment (98.3 ± 22.7/60 ± 18,29 mmHg). 7 patients present proximal lesions in fatty regions like abdomen and thighs. Histopathologic examination reveals calcium deposits in arteriole-sized and small vessels with vascular thrombosis. Prognosis was poor, seven patients died secondary to a sepsis originated in infected cutaneous ulcers. Conclusions: calciphylaxis is a disease with poor prognosis and high mortality, without specific treatment actually. Female gender, obesity associated with diabetes mellitus and cardiometabolic syndrome, anticoagulant therapy with warfarin and low blood pressure associated with hemodialysis therapy, are risk factors to develop calciphylaxis, in absence of severe disorders of calcium metabolism. In these patients is important to avoid hypotension episodes during dialysis, dialysis hypotension appears to be an important risk factor who promotes ischemia of subcutaneous adipose tissue (AU)

[Therapeutic guidelines fulfillment in clinical practice in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD)]. / Evaluación del cumplimiento de las guías terapéuticas en la práctica clínica en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC).

OBJECTIVE: The present study was designed to determine the degree of fulfillment of the therapeutic objectives recommended in the clinical guidelines in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in a nephrology outpatient clinic and the treatment that the patients were receiving to control these objectives. METHODS: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was performed in unselected patients with CKD (stages 1-5) who attended the nephrology outpatient clinic of the Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón for follow up between 1st January and 1st April 2006. RESULTS: Data from 600 patients with a mean age of 62.8 years (56.5% male) were collected. The distribution of patients according to the stage (S) of CKD was as follows: S1: 11.5%, S2: 18%, S3: 36.7%, S4: 27.5% and S5: 6.3%. The target blood pressure (BP) < 130/80 mmHg was reached in 35.5%. The target diastolic blood pressure was controlled in 70%. However, systolic blood pressure increasing significantly with age and the degree of renal failure was controlled only in 42%. Total cholesterol was or=50 mg/l in 64.1% of patients. Triglyceride level was related to renal function (p=0.04). Most of the patients (94%) had hemoglobin (Hb) levels >or=11 g/dl, because of a significant increase in the percentage of patients treated with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents as the degree of renal function is reduced. Target levels of calcium-phosphorus (CaXP) product (<55 mg2/dl 2) were maintained in all the stages at the expense of decreased Ca and increased P in relation to the decrease in glomerular filtrate (p=0.001). Target Ca (8.4-9.5 mg/dl) was reached in 85% of cases (2% of patients in S3, 37% of patients in S4 and 54% in S5 were receiving calcitriol). Phosphorus levels were adequate in 80% of patients, but target levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) were maintained only in 28.6% of patients in S3 (35-70 pg/ml), 14% of patients in S4 (70-110 pg/ml) and 28% in S-5 (115-300 pg/ml). CONCLUSIONS: Anemia is the best controlled factor of all the factors related to renal function. The degree of control of blood pressure (BP) has improved in recent years. However, it is still poor, particularly the control of systolic blood pressure getting worse with renal failure and age. It is difficult to reach the target PTH, despite adequate levels of Ca and P. Cholesterol levels, unlike triglyceride levels, do not depend on renal function and require an increase in the use and/or doses of cholesterol-lowering drugs.

Evaluación del cumplimiento de las guías terapéuticas en la práctica clínica en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) / therapeutic guidelines fulfilment in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD)

Objetivo: El presente estudio se diseñó para determinar el grado de cumplimiento de los objetivos terapéuticos recomendados por las guías de actuación clínica en los pacientes con ERC en una consulta externa de nefrología y el tratamiento que recibían los pacientes para el control de los mismos. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal con pacientes no seleccionados con ERC (estadios 1-5) que acudieron a revisión a la consulta ambulatoria de nefrología del Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón entre el 1 de enero y el 1 de abril del 2006. Resultados: Se recogieron los datos de 600 pacientes con una edad media de 62,8 años (56,5% varones). La distribución de los pacientes según los estadios (E) de ERC fue: E1: 11,5%, E2: 18%, E3: 36,7%, E4: 27,5% y E5: 6,3%. El objetivo de presión arterial (PA) = 50 mg/l. El nivel de triglicéridos se relacionó con la función renal (p = 0,04). La mayor parte de los pacientes (94%) tenía cifras de Hb >= 11 g/dl, gracias a un aumento significativo en el % de pacientes tratados con agentes estimulantes de la eritropoyesis conforme disminuye el grado de función renal. El CaxP se mantuvo en cifras objetivo (< 55 mg2/dl2) en todos los estadios a expensas de disminución del Ca y aumento del P en relación con la disminución del filtrado glomerular (p = 0,001). El objetivo de Ca (entre 8,4-9,5 mg/dl) se alcanzaba en el 85% de los casos (2% de pacientes en E3, 37% de E4 y 54% de E5 recibían calcitriol). Los niveles de fósforo fueron adecuados en el 80%, pero sólo 28,6% de los pacientes en E-3 mantuvo cifras objetivo de PTH (35-70 pg/ml), 14% en E-4 (70-110 pg/ml) y 28% en E-5 (115-300 pg/ml). Conclusiones: De los factores relacionados con la función renal la anemia es el mejor controlado. El grado de control de la PA aunque ha mejorado en los últimos años, sigue siendo pobre, sobre todo de la PA sistólica que empeora con la insuficiencia renal y la edad. Es difícil alcanzar el objetivo de PTH, a pesar de cifras adecuadas de Ca y P. Los niveles de colesterol, al contrario que los niveles de triglicéridos, no dependen de la función renal y requieren incrementar el uso y/o dosis de fármacos hipocolesterolemiantes

Objective: The present study was designed to determine the degree of fulfilment of the therapeutic objectives recommended in the clinical guidelines in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in a nephrology outpatient clinic and the treatment that the patients were receiving to control these objectives. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was performed in unselected patients with CKD (stages 1-5) who attended the nephrology outpatient clinic of the Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón for follow up between 1st January and 1st april 2006. Results: Data from 600 patients with a mean age of 62.8 years (56.5% male) were collected. The distribution of patients according to the stage (S) of CKD was as follows: S1: 11.5%, S2: 18%, S3: 36.7%, S4: 27.5% and S5: 6.3%. The target blood pressure (BP) = 50 mg/l in 64.1% of patients. Triglyceride level was related to renal function (p=0.04). Most of the patients (94%) had hemoglobin (Hb) levels >= 11 g/dl, because of a significant increase in the percentage of patients treated with erythropoiesis- stimulating agents as the degree of renal function is reduced. Target levels of calcium-phosphorus (CaXP) product (< 55 mg2/dl2) were maintained in all the stages at the expense of decreased Ca and increased P in relation to the decrease in glomerular filtrate (p = 0.001). Target Ca (8.4-9.5 mg/dl) was reached in 85% of cases (2% of patients in S3, 37% of patients in S4 and 54% in S5 were receiving calcitriol). Phosphorus levels were adequate in 80% of patients, but target levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) were maintained only in 28.6% of patients in S3 (35-70 pg/ml), 14% of patients in S4 (70-110 pg/ml) and 28% in S-5 (115-300 pg/ml). Conclusions: Anemia is the best controlled factor of all the factors related to renal function. The degree of control of blood pressure (BP) has improved in recent years. However, it is still poor, particularly the control of systolic blood pressure getting worse with renal failure and age. It is difficult to reach the target PTH, despite adequate levels of Ca and P. Cholesterol levels, unlike triglyceride levels, do not depend on renal function and require an increse in the use and/or doses of cholesterol-lowering drugs

Tacrolimus monotherapy in membranous nephropathy: a randomized controlled trial.

Membranous nephropathy is a common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults. Although some patients with membranous nephropathy achieve a spontaneous remission, renal function continues to deteriorate in others. We conducted a prospective randomized trial evaluating monotherapy with tacrolimus to achieve complete or partial remission in patients with biopsy-proven membranous nephropathy. Twenty-five patients received tacrolimus (0.05 mg/kg/day) over 12 months with a 6-month taper, whereas 23 patients were in the control group. The probability of remission in the treatment group was 58, 82, and 94% after 6, 12, and 18 months but only 10, 24, and 35%, respectively in the control group. The decrease in proteinuria was significantly greater in the treatment group. Notably, six patients in the control group and only one in the treatment group reached the secondary end point of a 50% increase in their serum creatinine. No patient in the tacrolimus group showed a relapse during the taper period. Nephrotic syndrome reappeared in almost half of the patients who were in remission by the 18th month after tacrolimus withdrawal. We conclude that tacrolimus is a very useful therapeutic option for patients with membranous nephropathy and preserved renal function. The majority of patients experienced remission with a significant reduction in the risk for deteriorating renal function.

Fracaso renal agudo prolongado y polirradiculopatía severa en paciente intoxicado con etilenglicol / Prolonged acute renal failure and severe polyradiculopathy in ethylene glycol intoxication

La intoxicación por etilenglicol se manifiesta con acidosis metabólica severa y fracaso renal agudo (FRA). La evolución del FRA puede ser prolongada pero la progresión hacia una insuficiencia renal crónica terminal (IRCT) ha sido descrita en muy pocos casos. Presentamos el caso de un paciente que tras ingestión de 920 ml de etilenglicol padeció un FRA de curso prolongado precisando hemodiálisis (HD) durante 37 días. La evolución posterior fue favorable con recuperación parcial de la función renal tras un año de seguimiento. El cuadro se acompañó de una grave afectación neurológica con polirradiculopatía sensitivo-motora y autonómica

Ethylene glycol intoxication involves acute renal failure and severe metabolic acidosis. Prolonged renal insufficiency can occur but terminal chronic renal failure has been reported in very few cases. We describe a patient who after ingestion of 920 ml of ethylene glycol developed prolonged acute renal failure needing hemodyalisis for 37 days and then he partly recovered renal function. The patient developed a severe sensitive-motor and autonomic polyradiculopathy

[Prolonged acute renal failure and severe polyradiculopathy in ethylene glycol intoxication]. / Fracaso renal agudo prolongado y polirradiculopatía severa en paciente intoxicado con etilenglicol.

Ethylene glycol intoxication involves acute renal failure and severe metabolic acidosis. Prolonged renal insufficiency can occur but terminal chronic renal failure has been reported in very few cases. We describe a patient who after ingestion of 920 ml of ethylene glycol developed prolonged acute renal failure needing hemodialysis for 37 days and then he partly recovered renal function. The patient developed a severe sensitive-motor and autonomic polyradiculopathy.

Nefrología basada en investigación clínica: bases conceptuales para la constitución de un grupo de trabajo en Nefrología Basada en la Evidencia de la Sociedad Española de Nefrología / No disponible

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